《Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications（Second Edition）》
Juha Korhonen
The book starts with an overview of mobile communication systems. The history is briefly discussed, because an understanding of the past aids in the development of an understanding of the present. The 2G systems are briefly introduced here, and then the various proposals for 3G technology are explained. There are several different standards below the 3G banner, and these are also discussed in Chapter 1.
Most 3G networks will be based on the wideband CDMA (WCDMA) air interface, and thus a crash course on CDMA principles is given in Chapter 2. TDMA was the most popular technology in 2G systems, and this chapter concentrates especially on the differences between the CDMA and TDMA systems. Thus, a reader already familiar with 2G TDMA (especially GSM) systems will get intensive instruction on this new generation.
TheWCDMA(as specified by 3GPP) air interface is an important component of the 3G system and it is discussed in several chapters. We start with a general physical layer presentation in Chapter 3, followed by a more detailed discussion about some special physical layer issues, such as modulation techniques (Chapter 4), spreading codes (Chapter 5), and channel coding (Chapter 6).
The WCDMA air interface protocol stack (layer 2 and 3 tasks) is discussed in Chapter 7. The most important functions of these protocols are explained briefly. What is new here are the access stratum (AS) protocols, or protocols specific to the WCDMA air interface. They include the layer 2 protocols, and the lower end of layer 3. The upper end of layer 3 forms the nonaccess stratum (NAS), which is more or less a replica of GSM/general packet radio system (GPRS) systems.
The network (both the radio access and the core network) is discussed in three chapters. Chapter 8 covers the architecture of the network. Network planning and network management are both difficult arts, and they are discussed in Chapters 9 and 10, respectively.
Chapter 11 presents the most common signaling procedures of the 3G system. Signaling flow diagrams are given for each procedure, as this is the most efficient way to describe the functionality. Again, it is impossible to include all signaling procedures in a work of this scope, but the cases discussed comprise the most common and interesting scenarios.
Chapter 12 contains a selection of new and interesting concepts in the 3G system. The list of issues handled here is by no means exhaustive, but I have tried to choose a few interesting concepts that cannot be found in the current 2G systems and that are likely to raise questions in the mind of the reader. Note that the core network to be used in most 3G networks is an evolved GSM/GPRS core network, and thus many of these concepts can also be used in the future GSM networks.
3G services and applications are discussed in Chapters 13 and 14, respectively, although these are closely related subjects. Applications are very important for every communication system, especially for 3G. They are the reason why consumers buy handsets and consume services. Without good applications, even the most advanced and technically superior telecommunications system is useless. In 3G systems many of the applications will be totally new; they will not have been used or tested in any other system. Finding the right application and service palette will be important as well as challenging for operators and service providers.
In Chapter 15 we take a look into the future and try to see what comes after the 3G as we know it today. This item includes 3G enhancements and fourth generation (4G). (There is no official definition for 4G yet, and as a result, system developers are keen on naming their new inventions 4G.) This chapter tries to predict what kind of telecommunication systems and
services we will be using in 2010. The development cycle of a new mobile telecommunications system is around 10 years. The development work of UMTS (3G) began in the beginning of the 1990s, and the first systems were launched in 2001 and 2002. Work towards the 4G has already started, but it will be around 2010 before the 4G is actually in use.
Chapter 16 explains how 3G standards are actually made. It seems that even within the telecommunications industry there is some uncertainty about this process. This chapter first presents the structure of 3GPP organization, and then discusses the standardization process, and finally introduces the specification-numbering scheme.
1 Overview 1
1.1 History of Mobile Cellular Systems 1
1.1.1 First Generation 1
1.1.2 Second Generation 2
1.1.3 Generation 2.5 5
1.2 Overview of 3G 8
1.3 Proposals for 3G Standard 10
1.3.1 WCDMA 10
1.3.2 Advanced TDMA 11
1.3.3 Hybrid CDMA/TDMA 12
1.3.4 OFDM 12
1.3.5 IMT-2000 13
1.4 3GPP 14
1.4.1 TDD 15
1.4.2 TD-SCDMA 18
1.5 3GPP2 20
1.6 3G Evolution Paths 23
2 Principles of CDMA 25
2.1 Radio-Channel Access Schemes 25
2.2 Spread Spectrum 28
2.3 RAKE Receiver 32
2.4 Power Control 32
2.5 Handovers 37
2.5.1 Soft Handover 38
2.5.2 Relocation 41
2.5.3 Hard Handover 44
2.5.4 Intersystem Handovers 45
2.6 Multiuser Detection 47
3 WCDMA Air Interface: Physical Layer 49
3.1 General 49
3.1.1 Forward Error Correction Encoding/Decoding 52
3.1.2 Radio Measurements and Indications to Higher Layers 53
3.1.3 Macrodiversity Distribution/Combining and Soft Handover Execution 55
3.1.4 Error Detection on Transport Channels 56
3.1.5 Multiplexing of Transport Channels and Demultiplexing of CCTrCHs 57
3.1.6 Rate Matching 57
3.1.7 Mapping of CCTrCHs on Physical Channels 57
3.1.8 Modulation, Spreading/Demodulation, and Despreading of Physical Channels 58
3.1.9 Frequency and Time Synchronization 60
3.1.10 Inner-Loop Power Control 61
3.1.11 Power Weighting and Combining of Physical Channels 64
3.1.12 RF Processing 66
3.1.13 Timing Advance on Uplink Channels 69
3.1.14 Support of Uplink Synchronization 70
3.2 Channels 70
3.2.1 Logical Channels 71
3.2.2 Transport Channels 72
3.2.3 Physical Channels 74
3.2.4 Shared Channels 78
3.2.5 Channel Mapping 80
3.3 Spreading and Scrambling Codes 81
3.4 Diversity 83
3.4.1 Time Diversity 83
3.4.2 Multipath Diversity 84
3.4.3 Macrodiversity 85
3.4.4 Antenna Diversity 87
3.5 Transport Formats 92
3.6 Data Through Layer 1 97
4 Modulation Techniques and Spread Spectrum 101
4.1 Spreading Techniques 101
4.1.1 DS-CDMA 101
4.1.2 Frequency-Hopping CDMA 101
4.1.3 Time-Hopping CDMA 102
4.1.4 Multicarrier CDMA 102
4.2 Data Modulation 104
5 Spreading Codes 111
5.1 Orthogonal Codes 112
5.2 PN Codes 114
5.3 Synchronization Codes 117
5.4 Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation 118
5.5 Intercell Interference 119
6 Channel Coding 121
6.1 Coding Processes 121
6.2 Coding Theory 122
6.3 Block Codes 123
6.4 Convolutional Codes 125
6.5 Turbo Codes 127
6.6 Channel Coding in UTRAN 129
7 Wideband CDMA Air Interface: Protocol Stack 131
47.1 General Points 131
7.2 Control Plane 133
7.3 MAC 135
7.3.1 MAC Services 137
7.3.2 MAC Functions 137
7.3.3 TFC Selection 142
7.4 RLC 143
7.4.1 RLC Services 145
7.4.2 RLC Functions 147
7.5 RRC 148
7.5.1 RRC Services 148
7.5.2 RRC Functions 148
7.6 RRC Protocol States 183
7.7 Location Management in UTRAN 187
7.8 Core Network Protocols in the Air Interface 190
7.8.1 Circuit-Switched Core Network 190
7.8.2 Packet-Switched Core Network 195
7.9 User Plane 196
7.10 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 196
7.11 Broadcast/Multicast Control 198
7.12 Data Protocols 200
7.13 Dual-System Protocol Stack in UE 201
8 Network 203
8.1 General Discussion 203
8.2 Evolution from GSM 204
8.3 UMTS Network Structure 206
8.4 Core Network 208
8.4.1 Mobile Switching Center 208
8.4.2 Visitor Location Register 209
8.4.3 Home Location Register 210
8.4.4 Equipment Identity Register 211
8.4.5 Authentication Center 212
8.4.6 Gateway MSC 212
8.4.7 Serving GPRS Support Node 212
8.4.8 Gateway GPRS Support Node 213
8.5 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 213
8.5.1 Radio Network Controller 214
8.5.2 Node B 215
8.6 GSM Radio Access Network 216
8.6.1 Base Station Controller 216
8.6.2 Base Transceiver Station 217
8.6.3 Small Base Transceiver Stations 218
8.7 Interfaces 221
8.7.1 A Interface 221
8.7.2 Gb Interface 222
8.7.3 Iu Interface 222
8.7.4 Iub Interface 226
8.7.5 Iur Interface 228
8.7.6 MAP Interfaces 230
8.8 Network Protocols 233
8.8.1 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 235
8.8.2 AAL2 and AAL5 235
8.8.3 Iu User Plane Protocol Layer 235
8.8.4 GPRS Tunnelling Protocol-User 236
8.8.5 SS7 MTP3-User Adaptation Layer 237
8.8.6 MAP (MAP-A Through MAP-M) 237
8.8.7 Message Transfer Part 237
8.8.8 Node B Application Part 237
8.8.9 Physical Layer (Below ATM) 238
8.8.10 Q.2150.1 239
8.8.11 Q.2630.1 239
8.8.12 Radio Access Network Application Part 239
8.8.13 Radio Network Subsystem Application Part 241
8.8.14 Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer 242
8.8.15 Service-Specific Coordination Function 242
8.8.16 Service-Specific Connection-Oriented Protocol 242
8.8.17 Signaling Connection Control Part 243
8.8.18 Stream Control Transmission Protocol 243
8.8.19 UDP/IP 243
8.9 UMTS Network Evolution—Release 5 243
9 Network Planning 251
9.1 Importance of Network Planning 251
9.2 Differences Between TDMA and CDMA 251
9.3 Network Planning Terminology 255
9.4 Network Planning Process 256
9.4.1 Preparation Phase 256
9.4.2 Network Dimensioning 258
9.4.3 Detailed Radio-Network Planning 262
9.5 Network Planning in WCDMA 262
9.5.1 Pilot Pollution 263
9.5.2 SHO Parameters 263
9.5.3 HO Problems 263
9.5.4 Hierarchical Cells 264
9.5.5 Microcell Deployment 266
9.5.6 Picocell Deployment and Indoor Planning 267
9.5.7 Sectorization and Adaptive Antennas 269
9.5.8 Other Network Elements 271
9.6 Admission Control 272
9.7 Congestion Control 276
10 Network Management 279
10.1 Telecommunication-Management Architecture 279
10.1.1 Fault Management 280
10.1.2 Configuration Management 281
10.1.3 Performance Management 283
10.1.4 Roaming Management 284
10.1.5 Accounting Management 285
10.1.6 Subscription Management 285
10.1.7 QoS Management 286
10.1.8 User Equipment Management 286
10.1.9 Fraud Management 286
10.1.10 Security Management 287
10.1.11 Software Management 288
10.2 Charging 289
10.2.1 Charging of Circuit-Switched Services 291
10.2.2 Charging of Packet-Switched Services 292
10.3 Billing 293
10.4 Service Providers Versus Operators 298
11 Procedures 303
11.1 RRC Connection Procedures 303
11.1.1 RRC Connection Establishment 304
11.1.2 Signaling Connection Establishment 304
11.1.3 RRC Connection Release 304
11.2 Radio Bearer Procedures 306
11.2.1 Radio Bearer Establishment 306
11.2.2 Radio Bearer Release 313
11.2.3 Radio Bearer Reconfiguration 315
11.2.4 Transport Channel Reconfiguration 315
11.2.5 Physical Channel Reconfiguration 317
11.2.6 Control of Requested QoS 319
11.3 Data Transmission 323
11.4 Handovers 329
11.4.1 Soft Handover 329
11.4.2 Hard Handover 330
11.4.3 Intersystem Handovers 332
11.5 Random Access Procedure 340
12 New Concepts in the UMTS Network 343
12.1 Location Services 343
12.1.1 Cell-Coverage-Based Method 345
12.1.2 Observed Time Difference of Arrival 346
12.1.3 Network-Assisted Global Positioning System 349
12.1.4 Other Methods 351
12.1.5 Comparison of Location Methods 352
12.1.6 Service Categories 354
12.2 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 355
12.3 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service 358
12.3.1 Broadcast Service 360
12.3.2 Multicast Service 360
12.4 Multimedia Messaging Service 361
12.4.1 The Service 361
12.4.2 MMS Elements 363
12.4.3 MMS Protocols 366
12.5 Supercharger 367
12.6 Prepaging 370
12.7 Gateway Location Register 374
12.8 Optimal Routing 378
12.9 Adaptive Multirate Codec 381
12.10 Support of Localized Service Area 384
12.11 Smart Antennas 386
13 3G Services 395
13.1 Service Categories 395
13.2 Teleservices 395
13.3 Bearer Services 397
13.4 Supplementary Services 399
13.5 Service Capabilities 399
13.6 QoS Classes 402
13.6.1 Conversational Real-Time Services 402
13.6.2 Interactive Services 403
13.6.3 Streaming Services 404
13.6.4 Background Services 405
13.6.5 QoS Service Classes and 3G Radio Interface 405
14 3G Applications 407
14.1 Justification for 3G 407
14.2 Path into the Market 409
14.3 Applications As Competition Tools 410
14.4 Application Technologies 411
14.4.1 Wireless Application Protocol 412
14.4.2 Java 412
14.4.3 BREW 412
14.4.4 Bluetooth 413
14.4.5 I-mode 413
14.4.6 Electronic Payment 413
14.4.7 IPv6 416
14.5 Multimedia 419
14.5.1 Application Types 419
14.5.2 Technical Problems 419
14.6 Traffic Characteristics of 3G Applications 422
14.7 M-commerce 424
14.8 Examples of 3G Applications 427
14.8.1 Voice 427
14.8.2 Messaging 428
14.8.3 Internet Access 429
14.8.4 Location-Based Applications 430
14.8.5 Games 431
14.8.6 Advertising 432
14.8.7 Betting and Gambling 432
14.8.8 Dating Applications 433
14.8.9 Adult Entertainment 433
14.9 Terminals 434
14.9.1 Voice Terminals 435
14.9.2 Multimedia Terminals 436
14.9.3 Navigation Devices 436
14.9.4 Game Devices 437
14.9.5 Machine-to-Machine Devices 437
15 The Future 441
15.1 New Spectrum 441
15.2 Satellites 443
15.2.1 The Market for MSS Networks 443
15.2.2 Satellite Orbits 445
15.2.3 Examples of MSS Systems 447
15.2.4 Location in Satellite Systems 454
15.2.5 Restricted Coverage 456
15.2.6 Diversity 457
15.2.7 Satellite Paging 458
15.2.8 IMT-2000 Satellite Component 459
15.3 3G Upgrades 459
15.4 Downlink Bottleneck 461
15.4.1 TDD 461
15.4.2 HSDPA 462
15.4.3 WLAN Interworking 463
15.4.4 Variable Duplex Distance 466
15.4.5 Hierarchical Cell Structures 468
15.4.6 Comparing the Schemes 468
15.5 4G Vision 472
16 Specifications 479
16.1 Specification Process 480
16.2 Releases 482
16.3 3GPP Specifications 484
16.3.1 Series Numbering 484
16.3.2 Version Numbering 485
16.3.3 Backwards Compatibility 486
